Study of the migration of mineral nitrogen in the soil-water system in the conditions of drained agricultural landscapes of the Kaliningrad region (analytical review)

The article is devoted to the analysis of scientific publications on the problem of accumulation and removal of mineral nitrogen (nitrate, ammonium, nitrite) in the conditions of the westernmost region of Russia. The article presents the stages of research development over the past 76 years (1949–2025). It has been found that interest in this issue is stipulated by the applied problems in the field of agrochemistry, agroecology, geoecology, and hydrology. Most of the in-depth research with a largescale coverage of the territory and an integrated approach was carried out at the end of the twentieth century in connection with the active development of the environmental field in science. The priority of a systematic approach in the organization of regional work belongs to the Center of agrochemical service "Kaliningrad". This allowed us to determine the level of nitrate nitrogen losses, which is significantly higher than in other regions of the zone of sod-podzolic soils of the European part of Russia. The reasons are the humid climate of the territory and drainage reclamation to improve the water-air regime of waterlogged soils. At the beginning of the 21st century, the relevance and demand for information on the migration of mineral nitrogen increased due to the introduction of intensive agricultural technologies and climate change. The lack of primary information on the impact of fertilizer volumes and the intensity of mineral nitrogen removal in the "soil – perched water / groundwater / drainage waters – drainage channel" on various types of agricultural land may cause errors in the modeling results. Currently, there is a need for systematic fundamental and applied regional research on the agrogeochemistry of mineral nitrogen due to its high mobility and physiological role for living components of ecosystems.

1. Kudeyarov V. N. Emissiya zakisi azota iz pochv v usloviyakh primeneniya udobreniy (analiticheskiy obzor) [Emission of nitrous oxide from soils under conditions of application of fertilizers (analytical review)]. Pochvovedeniye, 2020, no. 10, pp. 1192–1205. DOI: 10.31857/S0032180X2010010X.

2. Bashkin V. N. Ekologicheskiye riski primeneniya azotnykh udobreniy [Environmental risks of using nitrogen fertilizers]. Problemy analiza riska. 2022, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 40–53. DOI: 10.32686/1812-5220-2022-19-2-40-53.

3. Ortmeyer F., Hansen B. & Banning A. Groundwater nitrate problem and countermeasures in strongly affected EU countries – a comparison between Germany, Denmark and Ireland. Grundwasser – Zeitschrift der Fachsektion Hydrogeologie. 2023. V. 28. Р. 3–22. DOI: 10.1007/s00767-022-00530-5.

4. Bauwe A. and Lennartz B. Insights gained from two decades of intensive monitoring: hydrology and nitrate export in a tile-drained agricultural catchment. Front. Water. 2024. V. 6:1369552. DOI: 10.3389/frwa.2024.1369552.

5. Pirogovskaya G. V. Vyshchelashchivanie azota iz pakhotnykh pochv Belarusi (po dannym lizimetricheskikh issledovaniy (1981–2012 gg.) [Nitrogen leaching from arable soils of Belarus (according to lysimetric studies (1981–2012)]. Agrokhimiya, 2016, no. 3, pp. 39–50.

6. Sychev V. G., Sokolov O. A., Zavalin A. A., Shmyreva N. Ya. Rol' azota v intensifikatsii produktsionnogo protsessa sel'skokhozyaystvennykh kul'tur. T. 2. Ekologicheskiye aspekty roli azota v produktsionnom protsesse [The role of nitrogen in the intensification of the production process of agricultural crops. Vol. 2. Ecological aspects of the role of nitrogen in the production process]. Moscow, VNIIA, 2012, 272 p.

7. Bezlyudnyy N. N., Denisov T. N., Petrovich A. K. Migratsiya azota v profile dernovo-podzolistykh pochv BSSR [Nitrogen migration in the profile of sod-podzolic soils of the BSSR]. Agrokhimiya, 1982, no. 6, pp. 12–17.

8. Varyushkina N. M., Kirpaneva L. I. Transformatsiya azota udobreniy pri ezhegodnom ikh vnesenii v dernovo-podzolistye pochvy [Transformation of nitrogen from fertilizers during their annual application to sod-podzolic soils]. Pochvovedeniye, 1984, no. 10, pp. 116–120.

9. Sokolov O. A., Semenov V. M., Agaev V. A. Nitraty v okruzhayushchey srede [Nitrates in the environment]. Pushchino, ONTI, 1990, 316 p.

10. Verigina K. V. Vliyaniye drenazha na vymyvanie pitatel'nykh veshchestv iz pochvy [Effect of drainage on the leaching of nutrients from the soil]. Pochvy Kaliningradskoy oblasti. Moscow, AN SSSR, 1961, pp. 146–158.

11. Dokuchaev N. S. Issledovaniye okislitel'no-vosstanovitel'nykh usloviy pochv pol'derov Kaliningradskoy oblasti v svyazi s ikh osusheniyem i okul'turivaniem. Avtoref. diss. kand. sel'khoz. nauk [Study of oxidation-reduction conditions of soils of polders of the Kaliningrad region in connection with their drainage and cultivation. Abstract of dis. cand. of agricultural sci.]. Leningrad,1968, 24 p.

12. Methodical instructions for complex diagnostics of nitrogen nutrition of winter grain crops. Moscow, Kolos Publ., 1984. 47 p. (In Russian).

13. Panasin V. I. et al. Khimizatsiya zemledeliya Kaliningradskoy oblasti za 40 let (1966–2005) [Chemicalization of agriculture in the Kaliningrad region over 40 years (1966–2005)]. Kaliningrad, FGOU VPO "KGTU", 2007, 140 p.

14. Panasin V. I., Slobozhaninova V. D., Dolinina V. V. Zapasy mineral'nogo azota v pochvakh Kaliningradskoy oblasti v zavisimosti ot ikh agrokhimicheskikh i agrofizicheskikh svoystv [Reserves of mineral nitrogen in soils of the Kaliningrad region depending on their agrochemical and agrophysical properties]. Voprosy sel'skogo khozyaystva. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov KGTU [Problems of agriculture. Collection of scientific papers of KSTU]. Kaliningrad, KGTU, 1999, pp. 132–138.

15. Panasin V. I., Shirokov V. V., Mizin L. V. Opredeleniye poter' nitratov s drenazhnymi vodami. Informatsionnyy listok № 24-87 [Determination of nitrate losses with drainage water. Information leaflet No. 24–87]. Kaliningrad, CNTI, 1987, 4 p.

16. Panasin V. I., Mizina L. F. Ekologicheskoe sostoyanie basseyna reki Pregoli [Ecological state of the Pregolya River basin]. Teoreticheskie i prikladnye aspekty ekologii i biologii. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov KGU [Theoretical and applied aspects of ecology and biology. Collection of scientific papers of KSU]. Kaliningrad, KGU, 2001, pp. 3–13.

17. Panasin V. I., Mizina L. F. Soderzhaniye nitratov v poverkhnostnykh vodakh Kaliningradskoy oblasti [Nitrate content in surface waters of the Kaliningrad region]. Aktual'nyye problemy sel'skogo khozyaystva. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov KGTU [Actual problems of agriculture. Collection of scientific papers of KSTU]. Kaliningrad. KSTU Publ., 2002, pp. 45–50.

18. Panasin V. I., Mizina L. F., Rymarenko D. A. Gidrokhimicheskiy sostav reki Gur'yevki [Hydrochemical composition of the Guryevka River]. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov KGU [Collection of scientific papers of KSU]. Kaliningrad, 2004, pp. 72–76.

19. Panasin V. I. Beseda o nitratakh [Conversation about nitrates]. Kaliningrad, 1992, 24 p.

20. Panasin V. I., Mizina L. F., Ryzhova E. P. Toksikologicheskaya obstanovka na territorii Kaliningradskoy oblasti [Toxicological situation in the Kaliningrad region]. Kaliningrad, 1995, 33 p.

21. Gorshinina G. V., Novikova S. I., Bedareva O. M., Troyan T. N. Dinamika mineral'nogo azota pod ozimoy pshenitsey na fone raznykh predshestvennikov [Dynamics of mineral nitrogen under winter wheat against the background of different predecessors]. Problemy regional'noy ekologii, 2020, no. 2, pp. 52–54. DOI: 10.24411/1728323X-2020-12052.

22. Antsiferova O. A. Usloviya vozniknoveniya poverkhnostnogo nakopleniya nitratov v osushayemykh pakhotnykh pochvakh [Conditions for the occurrence of surface accumulation of nitrates in drained arable soils]. Vysokoproduktivnoe i ekologicheski chistoe agrokhozyaystvo na meliorirovannykh zemlyakh. Trudy Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, g. Tver', 30 sentyabrya 2019 [Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference "Highly productive and environmentally friendly agricultural production on reclaimed lands", Tver, 30 September, 2019]. Tver', 2019, pp. 134–140.

23. Antsiferova O. A. Vliyanie rezhima vlazhnosti na migratsiyu nitratov v osushennykh pochvakh Sambiyskoy ravniny [Influence of moisture regime on nitrate migration in drained soils of the Sambian Plain]. Plodorodiye pochv Rossii. Sostoyanie, tendentsii i prognoz. Sbornik trudov Mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii VNII agrokhimii, 26–27 noyabrya 2019 g. [Soil fertility in Russia. Status, trends and forecast. Collection of works of the International scientific conference at the All-Russian Research Institute of Agrochemistry, November 26–27, 2019]. Moscow, 2019, pp. 21–26.

24. Gorbunova Yu. A. Postupleniye biogennykh veshchestv s vodosbornogo basseyna reki Pregoli v Vislinskiy zaliv [Input of biogenic substances from the Pregolya River catchment basin to the Vistula Lagoon]. Vestnik Rossiyskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. I. Kanta, 2010, is. 1, pp. 87–93.

25. Nagornova N. N., Bernikova T. A., Tsupikova N. A. Gidrogeokhimicheskaya kharakteristika malykh rek Kaliningradskoy oblasti [Hydrogeochemical characteristics of small rivers in the Kaliningrad region]. Vestnik Baltiyskogo federal'nogo universiteta im. I. Kanta, 2011, is. 7, pp. 160–166.

26. Domnin D. A., Chubarenko B. V. Otsenka vynosa biogennykh veshchestv s malykh vodosbornykh basseynov Kaliningradskogo / Vislinskogo zaliva posredstvom chislennogo modelirovaniya [Assessment of the removal of nutrients from small catchment areas of the Kaliningrad / Vistula Lagoon using numerical modeling]. Izvestiya KGTU, 2017, no. 46, pp. 13–23.

27. Stashko A. V., Shenderyuk V. V., Kas'yan A. V., Aleksandrov S. V., Vinogradova L. L. Soderzhaniye mineral'nykh form biogennykh elementov v Kurshskom zalive v 2018 godu [Content of mineral forms of nutrients in the Curonian Lagoon in 2018]. Izvestiya KGTU, 2019, no. 55, pp. 111–121.

28. Bugranova O. S., Buynyachenko P. P., Bernikova T. A., Umanskiy S. A. Otsenka ekologicheskogo sostoyaniya reki Gur'evki na osnove gidrokhimicheskikh dannykh i pokazateley fitoplanktona [Assessment of the ecological state of the Guryevka River based on hydrochemical data and phytoplankton indicators]. Izvestiya KGTU, 2019, no. 55, pp. 59–73.

29. Spirin Yu. A., Zotov S. I. Vodotoki pol'derov: metody issledovaniy i geoekologicheskaya otsenka [Polder watercourses: research methods and geoecological assessment]. Kaliningrad. NITS INFRA-M Publ., 2023, 217 p.

30. Panasin V. I. et al. Udobreniye, tekhnologii i urozhay. Spravochnik agronoma po khimizatsii zemledeliya [Fertilizer, technology and harvest. Agronomist's handbook on the chemicalization of agriculture]. Kaliningrad. Izd-vo BFU im. I. Kanta, 2018, 315 p.